Angiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels form from pre existing ones. It is crucial for normal development, wound healing and the menstrual cycle, but also drives diseases such as cancer, diabetic eye disease and chronic inflammatory conditions.

Research has identified a balance between pro angiogenic and anti angiogenic factors that tightly controls this process. Vascular endothelial growth factor, or VEGF, is one of the main signals that stimulates endothelial cells to proliferate, migrate and form new vessel sprouts. Other important promoters include fibroblast growth factors, angiopoietins and platelet derived growth factors. In contrast, molecules such as thrombospondin 1, endostatin and angiostatin act as natural inhibitors, preventing uncontrolled vessel growth.

In tumors, cancer cells often upregulate VEGF and related signals in response to low oxygen, tipping the balance toward persistent angiogenesis. The resulting abnormal, leaky vessels support tumor growth and facilitate metastasis. This understanding led to the development of anti angiogenic drugs that block VEGF or its receptors, now used in several cancers and in eye diseases like age related macular degeneration.

Researchers are also studying how the extracellular matrix, mechanical forces and immune cells shape the angiogenic response, as well as the distinct steps of vessel sprouting, branching, maturation and regression. In regenerative medicine, controlled stimulation of angiogenesis is being explored to improve healing of ischemic tissues and to vascularize engineered tissues. Current work aims to fine tune therapies to normalize or rebuild vascular networks rather than simply turning angiogenesis on or off.